20 Famous Female Architects

The Effects of Chocolate Essay example - 824 Words

The Effects of Chocolate Chocolate is one of the most popular foods all around the world. It has been said that over 2 billion pounds of chocolate is annually consumed in the United States and the Swiss consume over 22 pounds per person per year[1]. Despite its increasing consumption chocolate has had and still is having a lot of negative effects on the human health. Some people think that it’s addictive and eat more and more of it whilst there are some who think the other way. Chocolate is gaining more and more popularity day by day and has proved to be a delicacy for people of all ages. But what people need to be aware of is whether â€Å"chocolate is addictive or not†. Regardless of its†¦show more content†¦It is said that this chemical cause mild emotional activities such anger, confusion, hyperactivity, irritability and sometimes-even hallucinations. It also has a mild antidepressant effect on the consumers’ brain. Though there have been very few cases related to such problems till now. Throughout years scientists have been trying to prove whether it is addictive or not. There have been certain conclusions of it being mildly addictive. Caffeine is one of the many addictions that have overwhelmed a lot of people all around the world. It is said that caffeine is also one of the many ingredients in chocolate; therefore there are certain chances of it being addictive. Caffeine is a commonly described as a biologically active molecule, which stimulates the brain. Some chocolates are said to contain more caffeine than there is on one cup of coffee. Besides caffeine, scientists have recently discovered chocolate having connection to certain properties found in marijuana. However, it not as extreme as marijuana. anandamide, is one of them but since chocolate doesn’t contain great quantities of this substance it does not have as much of an effect as marijuana. It is said that the acids in the stomach breaks anandamide down before it reaches the bloodstream[2]. It also produces a calm feeling. People thinking that they are chocoholics consume more.Show MoreRelatedChocolate And Its Effect On The Brain1243 Words   |  5 PagesChocolate. Ah, just the word makes one’s mouth water. Sweet, velvety, creamy, delicious. Most of us really only care about the taste, but do we actually know what chocolate is made of? Yes, yes, milk, cocoa, cream, and sugar are all correct answers, but, do most of us know what chocolate is made of on a molecular level? I think not. Do we know why we feel happy after eating it, chocolate tastes the way it does, why some types are creamier and smoother than others, etc. The answer all boils down toRead MoreChocolate And Its Effect On Society1282 Words   |  6 Pagesage of worldwide economies, chocolate bearing companies have shown momentous sales numbers. For example, Mars Inc., a massive chocolate company, displayed net sales of $18.4 billion in 2015 (Marshall 2016). Chocolate has connected people and kept countries’ economies runni ng, and for some countries it is their main export. Chocolate is one of the most celebrated candies, and it s hard to find someone who doesn’t enjoy this delectable treat. The exotic history of chocolate coincides with the many thresholdsRead MoreBad Effects of Chocolate3487 Words   |  14 PagesBad effects of chocolate Chapter One — Introduction to the Problem    Introduction to the Problem In todays society, chocolate is everywhere.    It seems that people have developed a love-hate relationship with chocolate.    According to the US Department of Commerce, the average American ate 11.7 pounds of chocolate in the year 2000.    American adults ranked chocolate as the most-craved food and as their favorite flavor by a three-to-one margin. Throughout the world exists a society of chocolateRead MoreEffects Of Chocolate On The Mind1815 Words   |  8 Pages Effect of Chocolate on the Mind Introduction Information concentrating on the effects that chocolate have on the improving the memory of test takers. Most of the collected works comes from revisions of men and women with excessive high memory levels; in calculation to a few surveys with individuals with memory loss were used. Given that eating chocolate improved test scores considerably many agents and health professionals have speculated if chocolate is a treatment for memory boost. The possibilityRead MorePrices For Chocolate And Its Effects Essay984 Words   |  4 Pages(a) Within the chocolate and confectionary industry, prices for chocolate have been seen to increase in recent years. Due to a combination of reasons the cost of producing chocolate went up by 33% in 2013 (Daily Mail, 2013). A significant price rise in this industry is likely to be due to a combination of factors that influence both supply and demand. Regarding supply, the world’s largest producer of cocoa the Ivory Coast, contributing 33% to global production (Dand, 1999), has experienced politicalRead MoreThe Effect Of Dark Chocolate On Blood Pressure Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesHaber, S. L., and K. Gallus. (2012): Effects of dark chocolate on blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 69:1287–1288, 1290, 1292–3. Hammerstone JF, Lazarus SA, Schmitz HH. (2000): Procyanidin content and variation in some commonly consumed foods. J Nutr 2000 130:2086S–2092S. Hammerstone, J.F., Lazarus, S.A., Mitchell, A.E., Rucker, R., Schmitz, H.H.(1999): Identification of procyanidins in cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and chocolate using high-perfomance liquid chromatography/Read MoreThe Effects Of Child Labor On The Chocolate Industry1669 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Child Labor in the Chocolate Industry: December 6, 2015, was an important day for many Americans, as it marked the 150th year since the abolishment of slavery when the U.S. authorized the 13th Amendment to the Constitution to end what can be described as the darkest chapter of American history. Many in Western Society seem to be unaware of the contemporary slavery still plaguing many developing countries, particularly involving children. The 2010 documentary film called The Dark SideRead MoreFood Preparation Of Chocolate And Its Effects On The World1662 Words   |  7 Pageswhen needed. Chocolate is a sweet, usually brown, food preparation of cacao seeds. It is made in the form of a liq uid paste, a block, or used as a flavouring ingredient in other foods. Cacao has been used by many cultures for the last three millennia in Mesoamerica. The earliest evidence of use traces to the Mokaya with evidence of chocolate beverages dating back to 1900 BC. The seeds of the cacao tree have an intense bitter taste and must be fermented to develop the flavour. Chocolate has been suspectedRead MoreThe Effects Of Child Slavery And Child Labor On Chocolate Plantation1617 Words   |  7 PagesChild slavery and child labor on chocolate plantations is one of the world’s greatest concerns at the moment. Chocolate plantations are specifically mentioned because chocolate is such a large industry and many kids, particularly in tropical African countries, are affected by child labor. In Cà ´te d’Ivoire alone, around 15,000 children are slaves working on chocolate, or cacao, plantations. (american.edu) This problem is concerning because not only is it unethical, but child labor and, thereforeRead MoreThe Effect Of Cocoa Powder, White Chocolate And Dark Chocolate On Oxidative Stress And Lipid Profile On Hypercholesterolemic Rats1953 Words   |  8 PagesThe Effect of Cocoa Powder, White Chocolate and Dark Chocolate on Oxidative Stress and Lipid Profile on Hypercholesterolemic Rats FadlAlla, Eman Aly Sadeek1, Saffa Moustapha Abd El Fatah Faid2 1Department of Biochemistry NutritionWomen s College , Ain Shams University, Egypt. 2 Home Economics Dept. Faculty of specific Education, Ain Shams University, Egypt. dr_emansaddeek@yahoo.com Abstract: Aim of the work: Assessing the effect of cocoa powder, white chocolate and dark chocolate on oxidative

Effects of Job Rotation Free Essays

Discuss the various issues of managerial behaviour and related matters raised by this case study Laurie J. Mullins argues that A fist step in the effective management of other people is confidence in your own ability, and awareness of your own strengths and weaknesses. Why is it then that managers find it difficult to admit their mistakes, to say sorry or to laugh at themselves? 1 In the building society case study, there are examples of bad managerial behaviour on the part of both Mary Rodgers, the branch manager and Jane Taylor, the senior branch assistant. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Job Rotation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jane Taylor was clearly good at her job if, after four years, she was promoted to this new role, yet within a short period of time, she was having trouble with Tony Jackson. Looking back at what Mullins said, Miss Taylor doesn’t appear to have confidence in her own ability or indeed awareness in her own strengths and weaknesses. According to Thompson ; McHugh â€Å"control is not an end in itself, but a means to transform the capacity to work established by the wage relation into profitable production†, and Jane is unable to control her sub-ordinate – what are the reasons for this? Part of the problem stems from the beginning of the case study and the relationship between Jane and her manager. Mary Rogers does not instil any confidence in Jane when she effectively ‘dumps’ this new role. Up until now, Jane has been performing specific task functions and has no real knowledge of how to manage people as she has previously been performing the duties of a cashier and looking after mortgage advice accounts – more task orientated skills rather than managerial ones. The refresher course she attends includes nothing on this either and Jane immediately falls into what McGregor calls the ‘Theory X’ assumption of human nature. The central principle of ‘Theory X’ is direction and control through a centralised system of organisation and exercise of authority2 and Jane automatically tries to coerce and direct Tony Jackson. The inability of Mary Rodgers to provide effective support and development for Jane shows a clear ineptitude on her part. She admits herself that the reason for Jane’s promotion is that â€Å"I [Mary] need someone to take some of the weight off my shoulders† and she seems to be reluctant to help intervene and solve How to cite Effects of Job Rotation, Essay examples

Food Service Management

Question: Write an essay onFood Service Management. Answer: My perspective about the on-site food service management has been improved after watching the video and going through the power point presentation. In the power point presentation, I became aware of the fact that there are seven different segments within the entire on-site food service management industry. I had a knowledge that the on-site food service was only provided to the office premises and health care sectors. I was not fully aware of their services and involvement in diverse field. From the knowledge I have gained in the power point. The commercial food services which I had expected to be better than the onsite food services, I have revealed that the service providers need to take more care upon the food quality and customer satisfaction of the on-site food services. I have a perception that as people receives food at lower cost in on-site food services compared to the commercial food services, the food quality and safety concerns might be lower (Karaman and Ayse Demet). However, my perception has been changed after going through the power point presentation. I have understood that as same customers are using the service every day, there is more chance to lose the brand image on providing bad quality of food. In addition, as the on-site food services provide their services to the educational institute as well as to the health care facilities, for these services, the quality, safety measures as well as price are more important. I have gained knowledge about two main players in on-site market, the contractors and self operators. I had no idea about the level of market penetration by this business and after going through the presentation, I came to know that around 90% business and industry locations uses on site food services (Walker et al.). I have also come to know about some key terms related to food service management including HFM, NACUFS and SFM. I had a very poor concept of on-site management of food service. However, after reading the power point presentation, I got to know about the history of the on-site food service industry. From the video and power point presentation, the challenges which should be considered in on-site food service industry have also been understood (Diabat et al.). After analyzing the information regarding the on-site food service in the videos and power point presentation, I have drawn two questions for the industry professionals. These are: How much do you concern about the hygiene measures of your on-site food services? Do you follow the trends of food service management in your industry services? The food service trends have significant impact upon the on-site food service industry. One trend is digital servers which have attempted to bring the on-site food service more easily to get by the service users. In the business industries, more branded concepts and innovative menus has been significantly affected the services provided by the on-site business. In the schools, it is the responsibility of the on-site food service providers to provide services for fighting with child obesity (Davis et al.). Reference List Davis, Bernard et al. Food And Beverage Management. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2012. Print. Diabat, Ali, Kannan Govindan, and Vinay V. Panicker. "Supply chain risk management and its mitigation in a food industry."International Journal of Production Research50.11 (2012): 3039-3050. Karaman and Ayse Demet, "Barriers and benefits of the implementation of food safety management systems among the Turkish dairy industry: A case study."Food Control25.2 (2012): 732-739. Walker, John R., and Josielyn T. Walker.Introduction to hospitality management. Pearson Higher Ed, 2012.

A Critical Analysis of the Fair Labour Standards Act

Historically, laws on labour have been put in place in order to address social problems brought on about by the present day production arrangements. In 1938, the Fair Labor Standards Act, which is also known as the Wages and Hours Act was enacted by Congress. The Act is applicable to federal workers or workers involved in commercial production of goods. It does not cover independent contractors. This Act has been said to be indispensable especially with regards to the welfare of the American workforce.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on A Critical Analysis of the Fair Labour Standards Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Act establishes a federal minimum wage and set maximum hours for employment, so as to establish the bare minimum living standards for federal workers. The Act also prohibits child labour and also establishes a Wage and Hour Division in the labour sector. The Act did not initially cover cert ain classes of workers including: farming and regular laborers; those who handled perishable food and certain workers in industries where engaging in collective bargaining was allowed (Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938). Having mentioned the salient features of the Act, we will delve into the major provisions of the Act and their impact on the labor industry. The Act creates two types of employees whose employment is governed by the Act; these are the exempt and non-exempt employees. Exempt employees are not paid overtime while non-exempt employees who are the majority covered by the Act are paid overtime. The other differentiating characteristic is that employees who work in outside sales are exempt while those in inside sales are non-exempt. The other feature of an exempt employee is that he or she earns a minimum of 23,600 dollars per year. An exempt employee also has to be paid a salary and carry out exempt job responsibilities which are essentially high level duties. Exempt and no n-exempt employees also have varying rights. The Fair Labor Standards Act has been amended severally, with some changes reflecting in overtime determination, wages, and the classes of workers governed by the Act. One of the major changes was in 2004 which sought to reflect transformation more so information technology and also ways of establishing new standards for testing whether someone is eligible for overtime. More recently there have been proposed changes to the Act. There have been recent proposals by Congress to make further amendments to the Act. It has been suggested that some of the provisions of the 73 year old piece of legislation are archaic and need to be conformed to modern standards. This has especially been pointed out with regards the wage-hour rule (Stone, 2005). It is evident that the world has changed a great deal since 1938 and so there is need to streamline some of the provisions of the Fair Labour Standards Act with today’s world. The only setback is t hat there are many issues that the government is concerned with presently such as the looming economic crisis and the raising of the debt ceiling; which is taking a lot of government attention.Advertising Looking for case study on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some critics have even argued that since lawmakers are pre-occupied there is a chance of fashioning the Act to fit the 1938 model as opposed to a new and improved legislation. The proposed changes will mostly be of benefit to the workers in the technology world. It is however very prudent to consider the fact that labour still forms an important part of any economy and it is necessary to update the FLSA. The Fair Labour Standards Act has for thirty eight years been a pillar of the labour industry in America and it is of significance that it is altered to fit the modern world. The major part that should however remain is the protection of the welfare of the w orkers. References Fair Labor Standards Act. (1938). 29 U.S.C. 201 – 219. Stone K.V.W. (2005). Rethinking Labor Law: Employment Protection for Boundaryless Workers. Retrieved from https://www.ssrn.com/index.cfm/en/ This case study on A Critical Analysis of the Fair Labour Standards Act was written and submitted by user Kallie Wilkinson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Genetic Engineering Tutorial Essay Example

Genetic Engineering Tutorial Essay Example Genetic Engineering Tutorial Essay Genetic Engineering Tutorial Essay Chapter 14 Genetic Engineering Choose the best answer for each question. 1. Using this key, put the phrases in the correct order to form a plasmid carrying the recombinant DNA. Key: 1) use restriction enzymes 2) Use DNA ligase 3) Remove plasmid from parent bacterium 4) Introduce plasmid into new host bacterium. A. 1, 2, 3, 4C. 3, 1, 2, 4 B. 4, 3, 2,1 D. 2, 3, 1, 4 2. Which is not a clone? A. a colony of identical bacterial cells B. identical quintuplets C. a forest of identical trees D. eggs produced by oogenesis E. copies of a gene through PCR 3. Restriction enzymes found in bacterial cells are ordinarily used A. during DNA replication B. to degrade the bacterial cell’s DNA C. to degrade viral DNA that enters the cell D. to attach pieces of DNA together 4. Recombinant DNA technology is used A. for gene therapy B. to clone a gene C. to make a particular protein D. to clone a specific piece of DNA E. All of these are correct 5. In order for bacterial cells to express human genes, A. the recombinant DNA must not contain introns. B. reverse transcriptase is sometimes used to make complementary DNA from an mRNA molecule. : C. bacterial regulatory genes must be included. D. All of these are correct. 6. The polymerase chain reaction A. utilizes RNA polymerase B. takes place in huge bioreactors C. utilizes temperature insensitive enzyme D. makes lots of nonidentical copies of DNA E. All of these are correct 7. DNA fingerprinting can be used for which of these? A. identifying human remains B. identifying infectious diseases C. finding evolutionary links between organisms D. solving crimes E. All of these are correct 8. DNA amplified by PCR and then used for fingerprinting could come from A. ny diploid or haploid cell B. only white blood cells that have been karyotyped C. only skin cells after they are dead D. only purified animal cells E. both B and D are correct 9. Which of these pairs is incorrectly matched? A. DNA ligase – DNA fingerprint B. Restriction enzymes – Cloning C. DNA fragments – DNA fingerprinting D. DNA polymerase – PCR 10. Which of these is an incorrect statement ? A. bacteria secrete the biotechnology product into the medium B. plants are being engineered to have human proteins in their seeds. C. nimals are engineered to have a human protein in their milk. D. animals can be cloned, but plants and bacteria cannot. 11. Which of these is not needed in order to clone an animal? A. sperm from a donor animal B. nucleus from an adult animal cell C. enucleated egg from a donor animal D. host female to develop the embryo E. All of these are needed 12. Because the human genome Project, we know or will know the A. sequence of the base pairs of our DNA B. sequence of genes along the human chromosomes C. mutations that lead to genetic disorders D. All of these are correct 13. The restriction enzyme called EcoRI has cut double stranded DNA in the following manner. The piece of foreign DNA to be inserted has what bases from the left and from the right? 14. Which of these is a true statement? A. Plasmids can serve as vectors B. Plasmids are linear DNA found in viruses C. Plasmids can replicate in the host cell D. Both A and C are correct 15. Which of these is a benefit of having insulin produced by biotechnology? A. It is just as effective B. It can be mass produced C. It is less expensive D. All of the above

The War on drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

The War on drugs - Essay Example The article uses seven explanatory variables which include the Drug Enforcement Agency and suggests that the incarceration of drug offenders merely causes a crowding-out effect in prisons, releasing the non-drug offenders and thus, potentially increasing, rather than decreasing, crime. The author talks about many views representing the history and the principles of facts on this issue. He represents the view that he believes is unknown to many and should be presented to everyone. As this is one of the major misperceptions according to him as mentioned in the article. It is also discussed in the article that suggestions and recommendations should be made to stop the use of drugs and the spread of drug offenders in a wise and logical way. This article is for those who believe that incarcerating the drug offenders will reduce the crime. Thus the evidence is also being shown through statistics. Critique: The authors have supported the government view in this article as they talk about the economics and politics of the drug offenders. The authors cover some major issues regarding the war on drugs and the crime rates which were profoundly unknown. They have provided an unbiased research in which they analyze all the aspects related to the topic. They cover the previous research done on the topic regarding the battle of US government with the drug offenders since years, and how they focused on the criminalization of drugs rather just proposing anti-drug policies. The authors clearly gave examples regarding the definitions of imprisonment and incarcerating with the help of many examples, and related it to the negativity caused by the act. The authors have used reliable sources to support their arguments with information from all the sides and then supporting their view. With the use of previous research on imprisonment, incarcerating and the drug offenders, to the presentation of the models and the variables, the authors had made it very clear for the reader to understand their view. They have also presented authentic calculations and contrasted them to make their view authentic, and prove how crime rate has increased due to the incarcerating of drug offenders. There is enough evidence shown by the authors to describe and prove their viewpoint. The evidence is taken from reliable sources as they have proper calculations taken from the statistics published by the government and law department. Although the article has provided economical and political views as per the nature of the journal, I think it has still provided enough information to understand the desired objects. 2. Unmapping the Golden Triangle or the World on Drugs ? Title Unmapping the Golden Triangle or the World on Drugs Author Neilson Brett Date 2000 Source Passages: Interdisciplinary Journal of Global Studies Stakeholder Business Summary: This article focuses on the operation of the global drug economy and how fast it has been increasing. It also shows the mode of production of drugs in the Golden Triangle, the Southeast Asia. Furthermore, the article talks about the contradictory relations between the capitalist globalization and the underground drug economy. Also talks about the inconsistency on the spatial relations constituting the Golden Triangle, and the severe impact of globalization on the business of heroine trafficking. These aspects are covered in the article in the literary point

(A) ETHICS AND (B) LEADERSHIP IN TEAMS Case Study

(A) ETHICS AND (B) LEADERSHIP IN TEAMS - Case Study Example Satisfying all stakeholders at the same time is practically impossible. Besides, the idea is not consistent with organizational goals and profitability. â€Å"By having â€Å"the right values† or being a person of â€Å"strong character,† the ethical leader can set the example for others and withstand any temptations that may occur along the way† (Freeman and Stewart, 2006, p. 2). 2. Leaders have to rely on subjective judgments in order to balance the interests and competing values. Although the principles of ethics outline the work concepts (Chapman, 2010), yet there is no well defined criteria of ethical considerations in decisions. Every stakeholder interprets ethics in such a way that it safeguards his interests. The subjectivity of judgments originates in lack of objectivity of ethical considerations. â€Å"We are rethinking how we lead, by placing less emphasis on carrots and sticks and more on inspiration, and putting humanity at the center of our organizations† (Seidman, 2010). All that is stipulated is laws and regulations that have to be respected while making decisions. Respecting the laws, all judgments that are made about accountability, rights, and social relationships have to be subjective. 3. Teamwork promotes learning more than individual work (Fleming, 2007). In this process, four fundamental stages apply. First is assessment, second is planning, third is execution, and fourth is analysis of outcome and modification. Whenever a team assembles for some task that is important for the achievement of organizational goals, the team conducts feasibility studies and assesses the positive and negative outcomes of the actions they are about to undertake. At this stage, there is a lot of subjectivity in the assessment of risks and opportunities because they are yet to materialize. This stage is followed by planning in which the leaders decide the course of action they would adopt in order to achieve the target. While planning,

Congressional Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Congressional Leadership - Essay Example For a person to be a senator, he must have attained the mature age which is thirty years, must have been a citizen in the United States for nine years and that when elected, shall not be a citizen of the State where that person shall be selected. This paper will talk about various leaders of the 112th Congress in the U.S., their parties, the state they represent, and their roles in the Congress. It will also show the ranks of various leaders in the senate and the United States House of Representatives. The United States Senate and House of representatives has several members each of which is elected according to the law and has his or her own duty to perform in service of the people. Discussion The head of the senate is the United States Vice President and shall have no vote unless there is an equal division (James 36). The senate chose the other officers including a head pro tempore, when the vice leader is absent, or when exercising the Office of the President of the United States. The sole power of the Senate is to try all the prosecutions. During this sitting, they should be on pledge or affirmation, and when there is a trial on the United States President, the presiding officer is the Chief Justice. Nobody is to be convicted with no agreement of at least two thirds of present members (Katie 15).The legislature of the United States is more prevailing than in the other countries. ... Being a senator for 36 years from Delaware, Biden became famous as a leader through the nation’s most significant domestic and worldwide challenges (Joseph 40).  His political party identification is the Democratic Party in the administration of the president of the United States and he is elected in the office as an official in the white house. His constitutional duties include being the president of the senate although he votes only when there is a tie. The president of the senate is the presidential successor whereby he heads the administrative office in the case where the president is not in office due to illness, death or due to resignation. This may be for a short while, or it may be permanent. During elections, the vice president, who is the president of the senate has the duty of accepting tallies of ballots that are cast for the president and the deputy president that are from every state whereby eventually there is an official count when the Senate and the House of Council are present (Joseph 45). President pro tempore of the senate is Senator Daniel Inouye who represents Hawaii has been in office since the death of Senator Robert Byrd. He is constitutionally accepted as an official in the legislature who leads the chamber when the vice president is absent. The senate elects him and by tradition, he is the senator in the party that has the best record of a constant service (Katie 25). He is of the Democratic Party. In order for one to become the president pro tempore, he must be involved in the political party. Working in the United States Council campaigns voluntarily, and networking with the party officers and candidates. The person should go to a school of law in order to expand the skills in public speaking

Factors Influencing Medical Students in Career Choices

Factors Influencing Medical Students in Career Choices Study of Factors Influencing Medical Students in their Choice of Career Introduction What makes medicine such a sort-after field? Medicine today is a very highly regarded profession which is well compensated, provides excellent job security and has the opportunity to have a positive influence on the lives of many people1. Success in medicine requires hard work and application, both while learning and when entering practice2. However, it brings great rewards in terms of job satisfaction and the range of career opportunities within the profession3. Learning about and practicing medicine is also very pleasing, involving as it does a blend of human interactions and applied science2. The environment in which different types of medicine are practiced is rich and diverse and obviously continually changing, and doctors continue to learn throughout their working lives. That is why the students interested in medicine should have the capacity for, and interest in, a lifetime of learning about this fascinating subject. To get the most out of the course a student need to be a keen scientist, with a sound scientific understanding and determination and also an ability to cope up with the demands and pressures of early clinical training3. But are they actually aware of the high demands of this prestigious professional course Do they have a realistic understanding of what a career in medicine will involve? We often wonder, is it the genuine passion for the subject and the genuine interest to be of service to the mankind that make students do medicine or is it just their parents!!! This study gives us the opportunity to find out the factors that drove students to do medicine. If choosing the medical profession is not hard enough, medical students have an even bigger hurdle ahead of them, which is choosing their line of specialisation. Many factors affect the career choices of graduating medicalstudents. Influences such as strong mentors, formativeacademic and non-academic experiences, and career counselingcan all help aspiring physicians select their particular careers4.Similarly, market trends, self-perception of strengths and weaknesses,and anticipated lifestyle can also affect career choice5. It has often been questioned, is gender really an issue? Does money influence ones decisions? Or is it competition?! A large number of specialising fields and over 50 career options are available in medicine, assuring a medical graduate of finding a profession. But how many medical students are actually aware of these career options? As mentioned earlier, medical profession brings great rewards in terms of job satisfaction and a variety of career opportunities. However, like any job, there are parts of a doctors work that are frustrating, undesirable, and even repetitive or boring. Studies show that doctors work far more hours than the average U.S. professional and cope with large amounts of stress and pressure6. Managed care has made it more difficult for U.S doctors to practice as they see fit and limit the amount of time that they can spend with patients. In fact, for some doctors, the upsides of the profession arent worth the sacrifice and hassles of the modern health-care environment4. This has lead to doctors with long and potentially bright careers to hang up their stethoscopes and quit! But is this the case when it comes to medical students in India? What makes them leave medicine despite the fact that theres a shortage of doctors making a ratio of one doctor per 1,634 people in India which is considered to be extremely below the ideal standard of doctor-people ratio?7,8 Medical students attitude towards various clinical fields and post graduation has been a major focus of study in the U.S as well as in the United Kingdom, yet there have been very few studies and surveys done on the career choices of Indian medical students. Hence, little is known about career intentions or attitudes of medical students in India. This study aims to reporton the career intentions and attitudes of first and second year medical students. It gives us the opportunity to discover the factors that influence the medical students on their career choices. The study also shows how exposure to more clinically oriented medical professions will affect the choice of careers in medical students. Aims and Objectives The study aims to find out factors that influence the choice of career of medical students Objectives To find out the reasons for students to take up medicine as a course of further studies. To compare career intentions of 1st year medical students, early in their training, with 2nd year medical students of Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, in relation to various socio-demographic correlates. To compare findings from the 2nd year batch with those from a similar survey conducted on the same batch last year. Methodology   We conducted a survey in the study setting of KMC Mangalore with the total study population of 393 MBBS students, which consisted of 216 1st year and 177 2nd year students. It was a cross sectional study which lasted from the dates of March 7th to March 14th, 2008. Data was collected through a pilot studied semi-structured questionnaire. The outline of the questionnaire was designed after referring to questionnaires used in similar studies like ours. Certain changes such as clearing any non-specific questions and adding more questions which seemed relevant to our study were made. Permission was obtained from the Associate Dean Dr. M.V. Prabhu and respective teachers. Then questionnaires were given out to consenting students. Collected data was tabulated and analyzed by using SPSS version 10 software. Results obtained were presented on tables and graphs wherever appropriate. Lastly the test of significance was carried out using χ2 test on tables in which we thought there would be significant values. Results The total study sample was 393 students, comprising of 216 1st year students and 177 2nd year students. The response rate among the 1st and 2nd year students was 98.18% and 100% respectively. Gender 1st Year (n=216) 2nd Year (n=177) Total (n=393) Male 94 (43.5%) 103 (58.2%) 197 (50.1%) Female 117 (54.2%) 71 (40.1%) 188 (47.8%) Table 2: Baseline Characteristics 1st Year (n=216) 2nd Year (n=177) Total (n=393) Schooling: Abroad 30 (13.9%) 43 (24.3%) 73 (18.6%) In India 170 (78.7%) 121 (68.4%) 291 (74%) Both 16 (7.4%) 9 (5.1%) 25 (6.4%) Before MBBS: School 121 (56%) 95 (50.7%) 216 (55%) Degree 5 (2.3%) 4 (2.25%) 9 (2.3%) Dropped 68 (31.5%) 50 (28.2%) 118 (30%) Others 19 (8.8%) 25 (14.1%) 44 (11.2%) Majority of the participants have done their schooling solely in India (74%). 55% of the respondents joined directly after school, whereas 30% dropped a year or 2 before joining college. 2.3% of the students had completed a degree prior to joining college. Both 1st year and 2nd year students chose the medical profession because they had a passion for the medical field. It seems that very few 2nd year students were forced by their parents (3.4%) as compared to the 1st year students (4.6%). On the other hand, there are very few students in the 1st year that chose medicine for job security (1.9%) unlike the 2nd year students who had a higher percentage of 15.3%. Job security parents insistence were the most unlikely reasons for 1st year 2nd year students respectively (Table 3). When asked about their future line of plan, had it not been MBBS, more than 100 students who responded in the OTHERS category specified that they would join ONLY MBBS. As expected, most students (37.2%) felt that they would join engineering had they not been in MBBS. This may possibly be due to the fact that Mathematics is a compulsory subject during pre-university college. Paramedical/Allied Health Sciences were the least sought-after fields which were chosen by the 1st 2nd year students respectively (Table 4). Interestingly, ALL 1st year students wanted to pursue a PG degree while 4% of the 2nd year students DID NOT want to go in for post graduation perhaps due to the exposure to clinical postings? Both 1st and the 2nd year students seemed widely interested in doing an MD/MS (91.7% 86.4% respectively), with the next popular choice being MRCP/MRCS with only 7.4% 6.2% of 1st 2nd year students considering it . Even with the very little information they have, 86.6% of 1st year students wanted to go in for a clinical field 12.5% of the students could not decide about their choice of career, whereas 0.93% decided for a non-clinical field. Among the 2nd year students, 84.2% of the students decided for a clinical field, 7.9% having not decided yet 2.3% for a non-clinical field. This trend of more students opting for a clinical field may be due to the exposure to clinical postings during the 2nd year (Table 5). When asked about going in for super-specialization, 79.6% of 1st year students 64.4% of 2nd year students answered on the affirmative, 13.4% 25.4% answered against it while 6.9% 10.2% said they had not decided yet (Table 6). The general trend among 1st year students is to take up a career in surgery (40.7%) whereas for 2nd year students it is medicine (24.9%). The least sought after fields are Anaesthesiology for 1st year students ENT for 2nd year students (Table 7). Regarding non-clinical fields, Forensic Medicine is the most preferred non-clinical field among 1st years (5.1%) where as post-graduation research is more popular among 2nd years (2.8%) (Table 8). According to the data, there is no significant difference between male and female students choice of career with relation to choosing a clinical or a non-clinical field. 90.9% of the males 88.5% of the females taking the survey thought it would be a clinical field they would like to pursue (Table 9). When asked if there was a chance that the respondents would not be able to pursue the career of their choice, most students felt that Competition remained the major hurdle ahead of them. 27.3% of 1st year students 29.4% of 2nd year students felt that the stiff competition they face would stop them from going in for the career of their choice (Table 10). Majority of the 1st 2nd year students prefer to practice medicine in their own countries, rather than in a foreign country. This may possibly be due to the fact that most relatives kin are in their own country also, due to the possibility of an already functional medical set-up in the family. 33.3% of 1st year 26% of 2nd year students prefer to practice abroad, 5 of 2nd year students said they would leave medicine, but still stay in the country (Tables 11a 11b). It is seen that among all the respondents, 205 resident Indians, forming 52.16% of the students prefer to practice in their own country, whereas 25 of them (6.36%) preferred to practice abroad. 70 students (17.81% of students) said they had not decided yet depended on various factors. Among the Malaysians, 18 students (4.58%) prefer their own country, 1 student (0.25%) prefers practising abroad 8 students had not decided yet. 7 non-resident Indians (1.78%) wanted to practise in their own country, 6 students (1.52%) abroad 14 students (3.56%) had not decided yet (Table 12). Most students in 1st year (16.7%) 2nd year (7.3%) feel that if they were to go abroad, it would be due to better prospects available. A better financial reward was the next most popular reason for going abroad, with 10.6% of 1st year 6.8% of 2nd year students feeling so (Table 13). The current trend seems to be favoring multi-specialty hospitals over government hospitals. 50% of 1st year students 49.2% of 2nd year students preferred multi-specialty hospitals over other options. The next most sought work setting was Government Hospitals for 1st year students whereas it was private practice among 2nd year students (Table 14). For most students in both 1st year (4.6%) 2nd year (7.9%), hectic schedules seem to be the main reason for leaving medicine. Family obligations seem to affect the decisions of 1st year students (3.7%) more than that compared to 2nd year students (1.7%). It also seems as though 2nd year MBBS students are much more concerned with the competition in medicine (2.8%) than the 1st year students, perhaps due to more exposure to clinical fields (Table 15). Interestingly, exposure to clinically oriented medical profession has DECREASED the students interest to pursue further studies as well as choose a clinical field! Whereas 98% of 1st year students wanted to pursue a post-graduation course, only 94.4% of 2nd year students chose to go in for a post-graduation. Also, while 89.9% of 1st year students wanted to go in for a clinical field, only 84.2% of 2nd year students wanted to go in for a career in a clinically oriented field a very interesting find! (Table 16). There seem to be a dynamic shift in the career choice of the 2nd year MBBS students of the 2006 batch after clinical exposure. About a quarter of the students presently in 2nd year are inclined towards general medicine, compared to just 15.6% of the same students before clinical exposure. On the other hand, figures for a career in surgery have come down from 33.2% to 21.5% after clinics. Interest in pediatrics has also increased almost two-fold after clinical exposure (Table 17). Table 3:What drove students to choose medicine?  Ã‚   1st year 2nd year Total Passion for Medical Science 96 (44.4%) 91 (51.4%) 187 (47.6%) Inspired by Family Members 40 (18.5%) 37 (20.9%) 77 (19.6%) To help the Community 48 (22.2%) 25 (14.1%) 73 (18.6%) Forced by Parents 10 (4.6%) 6 (3.4%) 16 (4.1%) Job Security 4 (1.9%) 27 (15.3%) 31 (7.9%) Prestigious Profession 36 (16.7%) 30 (16.9%) 66 (16.8%) Others 8 (3.7%) 13 (7.3%) 21 (5.3%) Table 4:If not MBBS? 1st Year (n=216) 2nd Year (n=177) Total (n=393) Dental 19 (8.8%) 21 (11.9%) 40 (10.2%) Paramedical/Allied Health Sciences 11 (5.1%) 7 (4%) 18 (4.6%) Engineering 84 (38.9%) 62 (35%) 146 (37.2%) Others 95 (44%) 77 (43.6%) 172 (43.8%) Table 5: Post-graduation 1st year MBBS 2nd year MBBS Total Post-graduation Yes 214 (99.1%) 167 (94.4%) 381 (96.9%) No 0 (0%) 7 (4%) 7 (1.8%) p=0.0034,highly significant Choice of degree MD/MS 198 (91.7%) 153 (86.4%) 351 (89.3%) Diploma 1 (0.46%) 1 (0.56%) 2 (0.51%) DNB 1 (0.46%) 5 (2.8%) 6 (1.5%) MRCP/MRCS 16 (7.4%) 11 (6.2%) 27 (6.9%) χ2=3.935, p=0.268 Table 6: Future career intentions 1st Year (n=216) 2nd Year (n=177) Total (n=393) Clinical Field 187 (86.6%) 149 (84.2%) 336 (85.5%) Non- Clinical Field 2 (0 .93%) 4 (2.3%) 6 (1.5%) Not Decided 27 (12.5%) 14 (7.9%) 33 (8.4%) χ2=.456, p=0.499, not significant Super specialization Yes 172 (79.6%) 114 (64.4%) 286 (72.8%) No 29 (13.4%) 4 (25.4%) 74 (18.8%) Not Decided 15 (6.9%) 18 (10.2%) 33 (8.4%) χ2= 13.489, p=0.0012, highly significant Table 7:Preference for a profession in a CLINICAL Field: 1st year MBBS 2nd year MBBS Total Radiology 27 (12.5%)

Emotive Response to Essays -- Emotion Essay

In tenth grade, everyone in Mrs. D’s English class had to write an essay on an American author. No one was actually given a choice in the matter, nor was anyone allowed the option of choosing their author. That kind of option wouldn’t have meant much to me anyway, seeing as I, like many sophomores in high school, had no interest in anything even remotely intellectual. Fate’s ubiquitous hand dealt me Sherwood Anderson, a man I had never heard of (nor did I frankly care to know about). Despite the clichà © one might expect at this point, research did nothing to change my apathy towards this essay. I wrote down the standard encyclopedic style biography that defined the efforts of most of my fellow classmates. After all of us were through embarrassing ourselves by reading said biographies in front of the class in the usual self-conscious manner that defines high school presentations, I felt no different. It was clear that Anderson cared deeply about the work that he did in his lifetime, but I certainly didn’t. The self-imposed mediocrity continued uninterrupted by tenth grade English, as I expected. Shortly after this assignment, Mrs. D continued her Tenth grade English syllabus with a Unit on â€Å"Appreciating Poetry† which was equally if not less exciting than the essay I had completed on Sherwood Anderson. The wizened and possibly wigged (or so the rumors went) Mrs. D saw to it that our first assignment in appreciating the art of poetry was that we were all to write poems of our own and once again embarrass ourselves in front of the class through recitation. Enter the predictable protagonal change. My poem was quite short and completely free verse, of course. But as I wrote it, I started to care how it sounded in my head and when I re... ...g, I probably would not have listened. This was most certainly something that I had to come to on my own. The only method to reach this plateau was writing on my own, and as much as I could. The key realization being that language was not some powerful structure that I could just tap into every now and again, but instead it was a set of signs that were in my complete control and jurisdiction to manipulate in a way that would reach readers, and more importantly myself, in an emotional way. The power lay not within the words, but in my ability to use them. In essence, these experiences with writing teachers did not affect me in and of themselves. The combined lessons on writing from all of my teachers, coupled with my own fascination with the power and effectiveness of words and language, brought me to the point I am at now: with writing as an integral part of my life.